भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत (Bharat ka itihas ke mukhya srot)

भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत में प्राथमिक स्रोत

द्वितीयक स्रोत

पुरातत्वविज्ञान:

भारतीय इतिहास के पुरातात्विक स्रोत क्या है?

 

प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत को जानने के लिए पुरातात्विक स्रोत सर्वाधिक प्रमाणिक हैं।

भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत में पुरातात्विक स्रोत निम्नलिखित हैं।

• अभिलेख
• भूमि अनुदान पत्र
• मुद्राए
• स्मारक एवं भवन
• मूर्तियां
• चित्रकला
• उत्खनन में प्राप्त अन्य सामग्री

भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत में अभिलेख

यह शिलाओं स्तंभों ताम्र पन्तो दीवारों, मुद्राओ एवं प्रतिमाओं पर खोदकर लिखा जाता जाता था। सर्व प्रथम पढ़ा गया अभिलेख अशोक का है जो प्राकृत में लिखा जो कर्नाटक राज्य के रायचूर के पास स्थित मस्की व दतिया जो मध्यप्रदेश है। जिसमे अशोक का नाम देवनाम प्रियदर्शी है। अशोका का अधिकतर अभिलेख व्राह्लिपि में है, ये बाये से दाए लिखा जाता था। अशोक के अभिलेख को पढ़ने में सफल जेम्स प्रिसेप (1837 ) थे। अधिक प्राचीन अभिलेख 2500 ईसा पूर्व हड़प्पा सभ्यता का है। जो भाव चित्रात्मक लिपि में दर्शाया गया है। जो अभी तक पढ़े नहीं गए हैं।

भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत में अभिलेख अनेक प्रकार के होते है जो निम्नलिखित है।

अभिलेख ऐसे होते थे जिसमे राज्य के अधिकारी तथा जनता के लिए जारी किये गए आर्थिक सामाजिक तथा प्रशाशनिक आदेश एवं जरुरी नियमो को सार रहता था एक उदाहरण तौर पर अशोक के अभिलेख।

द्वितीय प्रकार के अभिलेख जिसमे अनुष्ठान अभिलेख है जिसमे बौद्ध तथा जैन, वैष्णव आदि सम्प्रदायों नियम था।

तृतीये प्रकार के वे अभिलख है जिनमे राजाओ की विजय प्रशस्तियो का वर्णन है लेकिन उनके दोषो का उल्लेख नहीं है प्रशस्थित अभिलेख जिसमे राजाओ की विजय प्रशस्ति का वर्णन है लेकिन उसके दोषो का वर्णन नहीं मिलता है। चुकी ये उसके अधिकारियो के द्वारा लिखा गया था। प्रशस्ति अभिलेख में सुप्रशिद्ध अभिलेख खारबेल का हाथीगुफा अभिलेख है।

अन्य भारतीय इतिहास के स्रोत महत्वपूर्ण अभिलेख निम्नलिखित है।

Sources of Indian History (Main Sources of Indian History)

Primary source

The primary source is a document or craftsman that was written or created during the surrounding time period, which includes autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories, etc., which were later written by writers and witnesses who had their own experience—important Sources Crafts, inscriptions, coins, cave art, pottery, clothes, etc. In written sources, diarrhea, speech, manuscripts (these are called manuscripts because they are handwritten. The word manuscript is made from the Latin word menu). These are often found on palm leaves or the bark of Bale Bhuj, which grows in the Himalayas.

Secondary source

The secondary source is the subsequent description of individuals, logos, events, and locations by someone else. It is an indirect source. They evaluate the synthesis, interpretation, and interpretation of the primary source. What is the difference between an inscription and an inscription? Inscriptions and inscriptions are the primary sources of Indian history.

It is believed that 33 inscriptions were found by Ashoka, the ruler of the Mauryan dynasty. Ashoka, during his reign, engraved in stones, pillars, and caves. The inscriptions were engraved on the stone in an open place. Shila means cob, i.e., in a way, it is like the shape of a square and a black plate. On which we still write today, but those articles were written to preserve ideas and ideology till the future.

Archeology:

The term is used to study the human past with the help of physical remains. This includes everything from the remains of magnificent palaces and temples to small old things that have been thrown away as unnecessary from the daily activities of human beings, such as temples, palaces, forts, and other objects such as immortal structures, bones, pollen, pieces, coins, sculptures, and inscriptions, etc.

The many purposes of archeology are to obtain these physical remains, compile their records, analyze and classify them, And describe the forms of human behavior that inspired man to create objects.

What is the archaeological source?

• Archaeological sources are the most authentic to know the ancient Bharat itihas. Archaeological sources are as follows.
  Records
• Land grant letter
• Currencies
• Monuments and buildings
• Sculptures
• Painting
• Other materials found in excavations
• Records
  It was engraved on stone pillars, copper panto walls, coins, and statues. The first to be read is Ashoka’s inscription, written in Prakrit, which is Muski and Datia near Raichur in Karnataka state, Madhya Pradesh. In which Ashoka’s name is Devanam Priyadarshi. Most of Asoka’s inscriptions are in Vrahlipi; they were written from left to right. James Presep (1837) was successful in reading Ashoka’s inscription. More ancient records date to the Harappan civilization of 2500 BC. Which is expressed in the pictorial script. Which have not yet been read.
  There are several types of records, which are as follows.
  The records were such that they summarized the economic, social, and administrative orders and necessary rules issued to the state officials and the public, such as Ashoka’s records.
  The second type of inscription has ritual inscriptions in which Buddhist and Jain, Vaishnava, etc. sects had rules.
  The third type is the inscription, which describes the kings’ victories but does not mention their faults. His officials wrote this. The well-known inscription in the citation is the elephant cave inscription of Kharbel.
  Other important records are as follows.

No. Citation records
1. Kharbel Elephant Cave Records
2. Saka Kshatrap Rudradaman Jirnar Junagadh Records
3. Nashik cave inscription of Satvahana king Pulumavi
4. Prayag pillar of Samudragupta by Harishen
5. Chalukya Pulakeshin II Aihol
Land grant letter source

It is usually inscribed (engraved) on a copper strip. There is a description of the work related to the villages, lands, and revenue given by the kings and feudal lords to the monks, Brahmin temples, monasteries, feudal lords, and officials. They are written in Prakrit, Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu languages. The land grant letter is received in the pre-medieval (600 to 1200 AD), which suggests that there must have been a pre-medieval feudal economy.

The role of coins in the source of Indian history

Mudras have a significant role in Indian studies. We have a history from 206 BC to 300 AD. Chuki did not have articles in its earlier postures. Signs used to be engraved on them, and then more and more signs would be made on it from which exact knowledge would not be obtained.

These injuries were called coins or punches. Trees, fish, bulls, stubborn, crescents, etc. were depicted on Buddhist coins made by stamping on metals. After which kings and gods and dates are also mentioned on it. On this basis, the dynasty history was rebuilt.
Most of the coins were received in the post-Mauryan period, made of lead, putty, bronze, copper, gold, and silver. The gold coin issued by the Kushans had a lot of purity. Speaking of the Gupta ruler, Bay issued the largest amount of gold coins.

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